Testicular cancer is not a common cancer overall. Yet it mostly affects younger men, which surprises a lot of people. Many blokes in their twenties and thirties assume cancer is something to worry about later in life. Knowing the signs and what normal feels like for you is a sensible habit at any age.
This guide covers who is most at risk and the changes worth getting checked. It also explains what a GP is likely to do if you notice something. Everything here is general information drawn from Cancer Council Australia.
How common is testicular cancer in Australia?
Cancer Council Australia estimates that 1,040 people were diagnosed with testicular cancer in 2025. The average age at diagnosis is 36. It is the second most common cancer in men aged 20 to 39, leaving aside non melanoma skin cancer. That makes it a real concern for men who otherwise feel fit and well.
There are two main types. Seminoma usually turns up between the ages of 25 and 45. Non seminoma is more common in men in their late teens or early twenties. Your doctor will explain which type applies if a diagnosis is ever made.
The good news is clear. Cancer Council describes testicular cancer as one of the most curable cancers if it is found early. Most testicular cancers are treated successfully. That is a strong reason not to sit on a change you have noticed.
The signs worth knowing
The most common sign is a painless swelling or lump in a testicle. A change in the size or shape of a testicle is another early clue. Because there is often no pain, it can be easy to ignore. Some men have no symptoms at all.
Less common signs include a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum or a sense that one side feels uneven. Some men notice an ache or pain in the lower abdomen, testicle or scrotum. Back pain can also occur. Enlarged or tender breast tissue is another possible sign listed by Cancer Council Australia on testicular cancer.
None of these signs means you have cancer. Plenty of lumps and aches have other causes. The point is that only a doctor can tell the difference. A quick visit to a GP is far better than weeks of quiet worry.
Who has a higher risk?
Having a risk factor does not mean you will get testicular cancer. Still, some things are known to raise the chance of it. Cancer Council lists the following:
- an undescended testicle at birth
- a father or brother who has had testicular cancer
- a previous cancer in one testicle
- infertility
- HIV and AIDS
- hypospadias, a condition present from birth
- some intersex variations, such as partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
There is also some evidence linking regular cannabis use to a higher risk. On the other hand, there is no known link with testicular injury or sporting strains. Hot baths and tight clothing are not linked either. So a knock on the footy field is not something to lose sleep over.
Family history is worth a conversation at home. Men often avoid talking about health with their relatives. Learning how to come together as a family in hard times can make these chats easier. If a father or brother has had testicular cancer, mention it to your GP.
Getting to know what is normal for you
Cancer Council does not recommend population screening for testicular cancer. Its reasons include how rare it is and the lack of an accurate test. Outcomes are also good even when the cancer is found later. This is explained in its position on early detection of testicular cancer.
Instead, it suggests men become familiar with the usual shape, size and feel of their testicles. If you notice a lump, swelling or any other change, see a doctor. Cancer Council also notes there is little evidence that formal self examination finds cancer earlier.
So this is about awareness rather than a strict monthly test. You are simply learning your own baseline. That way a change stands out. The advice on why you should not panic if you lose a tooth applies here too. Stay calm and get it looked at.
What happens at the GP
Your GP will first examine your testicles for any lump or swelling. If something needs a closer look, you will usually be sent for an ultrasound. This can confirm whether there is a mass. Blood tests are also used to check for tumour markers.
Cancer Council names three markers: alpha fetoprotein, beta human chorionic gonadotrophin and lactate dehydrogenase. A biopsy is generally avoided. Cutting into a testicle could spread the cancer. Removing the affected testicle through surgery is the only way to confirm the diagnosis for certain.
If cancer is found, further scans help work out whether it has spread. These may include a chest x ray and CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Your treatment team will talk you through each step. It helps to write your questions down before appointments, much like the advice on questions to ask your laser eye surgeon before a procedure.
Making health checks part of normal life
Many men put off the doctor until something stops them working or training. Yet a quick check is usually simple and private. GPs deal with these concerns all the time. There is nothing embarrassing about raising them.
It helps to treat your body like anything else you look after. You get your eyes checked and your teeth seen to. Reading up on laser eye surgery or other routine care shows how normal planned health visits have become. Testicular awareness fits into that same habit.
Frequently asked questions
Is a painless lump always cancer?
No, a lump can have many causes. Most are not cancer. Even so, a painless lump is the most common sign of testicular cancer, so it should always be checked by a GP.
Can sport or an injury cause testicular cancer?
Cancer Council says there is no known link between testicular injury or sporting strains and testicular cancer. Hot baths and tight clothing are not linked either. Wearing protection for contact sport is still a good idea for comfort and safety.
How often should I check?
There is no formal schedule. Cancer Council suggests getting to know the usual shape, size and feel of your testicles. If anything changes, book in with your GP.
Is there a screening test for testicular cancer?
No, population screening is not recommended in Australia. The cancer is rare and no screening test is accurate enough. Awareness of your own body and early GP visits are the advice instead.
This article is general information only and is not medical advice. Speak with your doctor or a qualified health professional about any symptoms or concerns.